Upload the images to the suite and share several plans and ideas with your family. Home Design Studio seamlessly generates custom design ideas for any room in the house our outside. The deck and patio software tool was so simple to use and within a couple hours I had a workable design plan. You'll still need to get a firm understanding of the before you attempt any house remodeling plans. Home Design Studio will do all the work for you.
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In this Article and Article ' ', I explained the first method of grounding design calculations: Equations Method and solved examples. And I explained the second method of grounding design calculations: Nomographs Method in Article ' '.
Also, I explained the third method of grounding design calculations: Excel Spreadsheets Method in Article ' '. And I explained the forth method of grounding design calculations: By using Tables In Articles ' ' and ' '.
Also, I explained the fifth method of grounding design calculations: By using Online Earthing Calculators in Articles ' ' and ' '. Today, I will explain the Sixth Method of Grounding Design Calculations: Software Programs Method. You can preview the following Articles for more info. The formulas used in this program are based on accepted formulas which are the basis of IEEE publications. The formulas used for calculating resistance to Earth are based on modified formulas from Dwight for horizontal electrodes and from Sunde for vertical electrodes.
The modified formula assumes the top of the vertical electrode is near the surface. When more than one vertical electrode are calculated, the calculations assume equally spaced ground rods in a straight line and that the spacing between the ground rods is equal to or greater than the length of the vertical Earth electrode. The formula for calculating the resistance to Earth for the horizontal Earth electrode assumes the electrode is in a straight line. Both of the horizontal and vertical resistance to Earth formulas are for DC or low frequency. Both sets of equations use, as an input, the diameter of the cable as well as that of the surrounding GEM material to calculate the resistance to Earth.
The modified formulas assume uniform soil resistivity. The contact resistance between the conductor and the surrounding GEM material is ignored in calculating resistance to Earth. 1- Resistivity (ohm-m) of soil based on soil type: copied from table 10 of IEEE std 142 -1991, Resistivity (ohm-m) of soil based on soil type 2- Effect of Moisture Content on Resistivity: copied from table 11 of IEEE std 142 -1991, Effect of Moisture Content on Resistivity 3- Effect of temperature on Resistivity: copied from table 12 of IEEE std 142 -1991, Effect of temperature on Resistivity 4- Cable Diameter Equivalents: give the equivalent diameter in inches and cm for a given cable cross section area in Kcmil, AWG and mm2. Cable Diameter Equivalents. For recalculating with new variables, press Clear Button then enter the new variables.
For printing the calculation window, press Print button. Pirates of the caribbean the curse of the black pearl 1080p torrent download. Press the Menu button at any time to return to the GEM Calculator Window.
AutoGroundDesign The AutoGroundDesign engineering tool is the only fully automated software package that can analyze and design grounding systems without the intervention of the user between various phases of the design. This software package offers powerful and intelligent functions that help electrical engineers design safe horizontal, arbitrarily shaped grounding installations quickly and efficiently. A multiple-step approach is used for the automated grounding system design. A grid consisting of a buried metallic plate, which gives minimum impedance, is used as a starting point to determine if safety limits can be achieved. If yes, a grounding system consisting of a minimum number of conductors is computed.
From these results, a preliminary design is then selected based on the SES reference database, other intelligent rules, or as specified manually by the user. Next, the initial design is refined recursively using rule-based techniques and algorithms to improve its performance and meet safety constraints, while reducing the overall cost of the grid. Extensive collections of predefined grids have been analyzed, constructed and can be easily updated by the user. A strategy has been devised to quickly find an appropriate grid, while at the same time minimizing the size of the database. The time devoted to design a safe and cost-effective grounding grid is minimized by the use of such automation techniques and appropriate databases. AutoGroundDesign (Two-Layer Horizontal Soil & Fault Current Distribution): This package includes everything found in the Uniform Soil package and adds the ability to model soil structures composed of two horizontal layers. It also adds a powerful module which computes the distribution of fault current between the grounding system and other metallic paths such as overhead ground wires, shield wires, neutral conductors, or cable sheaths and armors.
Note that the resistivity measurement analysis module that converts measured data into a suitable soil model is not included in this package. AutoGroundDesign (Multi-Layer Soil, Soil Resistivity & Fault Current Distribution): This package includes everything found in all other packages and adds the ability to model soil structures composed of multilayer horizontal layers.
This package cannot be ordered without the resistivity analysis or fault current distribution modules. All packages above include a conductor ampacity computation module ( Ampacity) and other useful tools. Introduction A grounding system design requires several iterations before obtaining a safe configuration. Therefore, it can be quite time consuming. It is difficult to account for the large number of variables (topology and dimensions of the grounding system, burial depth, type and characteristics of the soil structure and material used for the grid’s conductors (horizontal wires and grounding rods, etc.) that can affect the grounding system performance. The AutoGroundDesign specialized software package offers powerful and intelligent functions that help electrical engineers design safe grounding systems quickly and efficiently without the intervention of the user between various phases of the design. AutoGroundDesign takes into account the full complexity of the system with strategies and techniques that have been developed to allow the automated design to be applied to horizontal arbitrary shape grounding systems.
The screen to specify the vertices of any horizontal arbitrary grounding system is shown below. Features AutoGroundDesign has the following unique features:. Generates grounding system designs based on a simple description of the substation site. The data entry requirements are reduced to a minimum: environment settings, soil data, grounding grid zone, fault current in the grid, safety related data, and automated design parameters and controls. Models grounding systems and evaluates their performance; it is suited to analyze and design a grounding grid as long as the longitudinal impedances of the ground conductors can be neglected.
Analyzes and designs horizontal arbitrarily shaped grounding grids consisting of horizontal and vertical arrangements of bare conductors buried in uniform and multilayered soils. This is achieved with an automatic meshing method that accounts for any polygonal shape. A user-friendly interface is also available to simplify the specification of the horizontal arbitrary grounding zone. The shape of this zone can be defined and displayed dynamically from the interface. Each vertex can be moved by dragging it to a new position and the data is updated immediately in data grid and vice-versa.
Carries out automated designs with several procedures, such as Automatic, Midpoint, Linear, and User-Defined methods. These procedures will specify the performance and progress of the automated design process appropriately and use ground grid databases, smart search algorithms and techniques, and user-supplied criteria and constraints more efficiently. Allow users to specify if ground rods are to be used in the design of the final grid and rod characteristics.
If yes, positioning methods are available. Computes earth potentials at specific soil locations called observation points, which can be defined automatically or by the user. Offers three other modes of operations, namely, the Estimator, Configuration and Dimension Predictor modes that allow users to quickly and accurately estimate the resistance of various grounding systems (such as grids, plates, array of rods, star electrodes, circular rings, etc.) or predict the size (dimension) or configuration of the grounding system that meets that resistance. Intermediate results from the grounding, soil resistivity and fault current distribution analyses are included as an integral part of the final results in order to better understand these results by examining all the steps involved in the automated design process. Program Development History SES implemented the first automated grounding grid design software in the early 90’s. It had a character-based (DOS-based) menu interface and was called AutoGrid. It was restricted to rectangular grids buried in uniform and two-Layer Horizontal soils.
Computation time was the main obstacle to the systematic use of this automated feature. In 2004, SES developed the first version of a Windows-based specialized package called AutoGroundDesign. This was more pertinent, since SES has developed a new and unique automated design method that promises to reduce considerably the time needed to determine an adequate design for grounding systems. However, AutoGroundDesign was restricted to rectangular grids buried in multilayered soils. This version didn’t have a soil resistivity measurement and fault current distribution analysis modules. The soil structure characteristics and grounding grid fault current had to be specified by the user. These steps were quite inconvenient.
In the 2005 release of AutoGroundDesign, the soil resistivity measurement analysis, fault current distribution analysis and safety computation assessment modules have been integrated into the AutoGroundDesign specialized package. A new iterative approach and improved observation point selection procedure that speed up computation time have been introduced into this package. Moreover, metallic plates have been introduced and a robust and flexible grid and rod creation procedure that allows the specification of unequally spaced grids and rods were added as well.
However, AutoGroundDesign was still restricted to rectangular grids. Finally, SES is pleased to announce that in 2012, AutoGroundDesign can handle horizontal arbitrary shape grounding systems. Grounding System Design Technologies and Procedures Consider the traditional process of designing a substation grounding system. Based on experience and on the substation ground bonding requirements, a preliminary grounding system configuration is developed and analyzed. Archimedes penta outboard manual. The calculated results are examined to determine if all design requirements are met.
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If all design requirements are not met or if these requirements are exceeded by a considerable margin suggesting possible significant savings, design modifications are made to the grounding system and the design analysis is started again. To produce an optimized design, better knowledge of the soil structure and the actual fault current flowing into the substation is needed. Also, a large number of factors such as the geometrical proportions of the grid, its depth, the type of grid conductors and whether or not grounding rods are attached to the grid are essential.
A multiple-step approach is used for the automated grounding system design. First, a grounding system consisting of a buried metallic plate is used as a reference. This gives the minimum ground impedance achievable with a grid of a given size, and determines whether the desired ground impedance and safety limits can be achieved with a solid plate. If not, then the whole process is stopped and the user is informed that the design process is impossible without additional mitigation measures. Second, a grounding system consisting of a minimum number of conductors, for example, the conductors along the grid periphery with or without a few conductors inside the grid is analyzed to see whether the desired ground impedance and safety limits can be achieved with a sparse grid. If yes, the design process is completed quickly without the need to refer to the reference design database and smart iterative techniques.
Third, an appropriate preliminary grid design is selected based on SES reference database and other intelligent rules or as specified manually by the user. The use of the reference database is based on the input data provided by the user, such as the size and the geometrical proportions of the grid, the soil structure type, the fault current injected, and the required safety criteria. Finally, the initial design is refined recursively using rule-based techniques and smart algorithms to improve its performance and meet safety constraints, while reducing the overall cost of the grid. Some of the unique strategies and techniques used in AutoGroundDesign are as follows:. A method of automatic meshing a set of a horizontal arbitrary polygonal grounding system was developed. The mesh parameters are then subject to optimization using a technique similar to that previously developed for rectangular grids.
New positioning methods for the rods were introduced. Among others, it is now possible to specify the maximum spacing between the rods.
These methods allow finer control of where the algorithm locates the stems. Efficient and intelligent techniques have been developed to generate different types of observation points in order to accurately carry out computations and at the same time minimize the computation time during the iterative design steps and the final results computation steps. During the iterations, three different groups of observation points have been created. The first group of observation points is within the horizontal arbitrary grounding zone and is placed along one horizontal direction. The second group of observation points is along the edge of the grid and inside the zone.
The last group of observation points is outside the zone occupied by the grounding system and is placed along its edge. In the final results, the observation points occupy a rectangular area covering the bounding box of the horizontal arbitrary grounding system (i.e., the smallest rectangle that completely encloses the grounding system zone).
This provides a complete set of observation points that produces conventional rectangular 3D and spot 2D plots that are useful to explore the computation results. The preferred observation point settings (i.e., the preferred point spacing) during the iterations and final computation steps can be defined automatically or by the user. This offers more flexibility to control the time required during the computation process. Automated Grounding System Design Structure The automated grounding system design software integrates the following modules and has a structure shown below. Automated Grounding Design Central Module This core and controlling module has a simple interface that allows a user to establish an automated grounding system design quickly and efficiently. The ultimate objective of this module is to manage and coordinate input data, safety criteria and progress decisions in order to obtain a grid design that meets all requirements. The overall automated design parameters are controlled by this module to select the methodology used to obtain the initial design of the grounding systems, specify which grid database methodology is to be used for the automated design, and specify the maximum number of design iterations as well as the rate at which the design of the grid evolves.
Grounding Analysis Module This module is used to analyze power system ground networks subjected to AC or DC power frequency currents discharged into various soil structures. It computes the safety performance of the grounding grid, in terms of GPR, touch and step voltages.
Since it is assumed that the grid is an equipotential structure, the locations of the current injection points within the ground network do not play a significant role, i.e. The longitudinal impedances of the ground conductors can be neglected.
Soil Analysis Module This module is dedicated to the development of equivalent earth structure models based on measured soil resistivity data. It can generate models with horizontal multilayer soils.
Fault Current Distribution Analysis Module This module calculates the fault current distribution in multiple terminals, transmission lines and distribution feeders using minimum information and a simple set of data concerning the network. It provides the actual fault current flowing into a grounding grid, as well as currents in the shield wires, tower structures and cable sheaths.
Self and mutual impedances of the shield wires and cable sheaths are also computed and available. Safety Module This module generates safety threshold values based on IEEE Standard 80, IEC Standard 479, user’s own standard or a hybrid combination of these standards. The computed safety voltage limits are used to decide whether to stop or continue the design process.
The parameters to determine the safety voltage limits are: fault clearing time, earth surface covering layer (e.g., crushed rock) resistivity and thickness, equivalent subsurface layer resistivity (this is the resistivity of the soil beneath the earth surface covering layer), body resistance, optionally specified foot resistance and resistance of protective wear, such as gloves or boots, and fibrillation current threshold computation method. View, Plot and Report Tools A CAD-based module is used to view or edit three-dimensional grounding grids consisting of straight-line segments. The line segments represent either metallic conductors or observation profiles. They can be viewed from any direction, in a variety of ways. Another report and graphics module serves as a powerful output processor to display the computation results in various graphical or print formats.
This module also has the capability to view the input data and even launch the grounding analysis module. © 2000-2018 Safe Engineering Services & technologies ltd. All Rights Reserved.
. T is defined by “Terre”, which gives a TT system, which is the how the load chassis is grounded to earth using an earthing electrode. N is defined by “Neutral” which defines the load chassis as connected to neutral. This gives a TN system, which is how the load chassis is connected to earth using either a neutral or a protective earthing (PE) conductor.
The third letter indicate how the neutral and PE conductors are utilized. C is defined by “Combined” which means that the neutral and PE conductors are combined into one conductor (PEN conductor) that acts as the current return conductor during both steady state and fault conditions.
S is defined by “Separated” which means that the neutral and PE conductors are separated and independent from each other. The TN-C-S earthing type has four letters and the fourth letter, just like the third letter, indicates how the neutral and PE conductors are utilized. The TN-C-S start from the source (such as a utility company) with a combined PEN conductor until a service entry point, e.g. A residential unit, is reached. As soon as the customer’s service entry point is crossed, the earthing conductor will separate into two separate conductors, which are the neutral and the PE conductors. IT System The earthing type for an IT system is marked by using 2 letters and a term:.
The first letter, I, is defined by “Isolated” which defines the neutral as is either not connected to earth or indirectly connected to earth through a high impedance. The second letter, T, is defined by “Terre” which defines the load chassis as connected to earth using an earthing electrode. The term that follows the IT earthing types are defined as follows:. Individual: The chassis of each load is earthed separately from the neighboring load chassis. In Groups: Different loads are separated into groups and then the chassis of each load in a group is interconnected with the other chassis within the same group. The different groups are then earthed individually.
Collective: All of the chassis of all the loads are interconnected and then earthed. Part of the system uses a combined PEN conductor, which is at some point split up into separate PE and N lines. The combined PEN conductor typically occurs between the substation and the entry point into the building, and separated in the service head.
In the UK, this system is also known as protective multiple earthing (PME), because of the practice of connecting the combined neutral-and-earth conductor to real earth at many locations, to reduce the risk of broken neutrals - with a similar system in Australia being designated as multiple earthed neutral (MEN).
Revolutionary CDEGS Software Shifting the Energy Industry Revolutionary CDEGS Software Shifting the Energy Industry, August 14, 2014 Comments Off on Revolutionary CDEGS Software Shifting the Energy Industry 2010 saw changes to the code of practice for earthing above 1kV for developing energy facilities. This became enforceable in 2012 across the EU, where the standard explicitly recognises the role that revolutionary CDEGSsoftware now plays in compliant electrical earthing design. The changes identify that the best practice is to model energy using specialised CDEGS computer software. With a rise from 11 to 17 in 2012/13 in the number of fatalities in the UK electricity and services sector, regulators deemed that changes were crucial.
Although these figures do not clarify how many are due to insufficient earthing, it is accepted in the industry that this has caused deaths in the past. 3D CDEGS Innovation A solution to comply with these changes and ensure a safer site is CDEGS- Current Distribution, Electromagnetic Fields, Grounding and Soil Structure Analysis.
This software creates a 3D model of the area and mathematically simulates the fault energy return current under the ground AND the magnetic/electric fields created particularly useful when studying over ground systems. Modelling above ground systems using CDEGS Software is an under-utilised benefit of the software, such as for GIS substations, lightning attachment studies and interference. This innovative use of the software could open a door into a whole new field of problem solving for asset owner/managers and scheme project leaders alike.
If you’ve never seen the software in action - CDEGS builds a 3D virtual version of the system under study and the qualified researcher can test various scenarios (faults or attachments) and creates an easy to understand, visual map of the various outcomes. These maps can be used to assess how the system performs as well as how a human might be affected when interacting with the system (safety assessments). As a result, managers are empowered with knowledge and awareness of the risks on their site.
This invaluable understanding could save companies vast amounts of money and potentially save lives. This visual map shows the voltage dispersion if a fault were to occur. As distance increases, voltage decreases as illustrated by the colour scheme. Or perhaps our Understanding Rise of Earth PotentialVideo above will explain a little better. Specialist Skills Using the CDEGS software is a complex task, one that requires a high level of competence and qualification.
Grey Matters is amongst the elite as only one of four companies in Europe to be fully licensed and qualified in the use of this revolutionary CDEGS Software. Examples of projects that CDEGS has been used on are, inter-connectors, wind turbines, lightning attachments to rail infrastructure, solar parks, off-shore ships as well as the usual suspects, e.g. Substations and power stations. Knowing and understanding the dangers of energy is vital; CDEGS Software is essential to ensure that people in proximity to equipment and the facility itself, are safe. Lack of awareness of these recent codes of practice changes means companies can be carrying significant business risk.
Don’t take the risk with your business. Grey Matters will ensure that you remain fully compliant and have a better knowledge of the risks associated with your facility. Next Steps To test the current risk of your facility, complete this short, free risk audit.
This link will ask you 12 quick questions and provide you with a score determining the risk from your answers. If you would like to talk to Grey Matters about the risks of your facility or our CDEGS Energy Modelling Software then today. Or why not schedule a FREE 30 min call to discuss a potential project or if you have any queries, by using our 'need advice' widget below. Written by: Ian Griffiths, Grey Matters Sources.
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